Matteo Neri-Lainé & Gianluca Orefice
"L’approfondissement des accords commerciaux dans les PED a-t-il bénéficié aux exportations des entreprises?"
La Lettre du CEPII N°460, October 2025, CEPII.

Over the past two decades, regional trade agreements have increased not only in number but also in scope and in the number of provisions they contain. Their coverage is no longer limited to reducing customs barriers; instead, it extends to a wide range of areas such as competition, investment, and labor regulation. Many developing countries have signed these agreements to improve the integration of their firms into international markets and thereby stimulate exports. While this objective has been achieved for large companies, small firms, faced with increased competition, have experienced a decline in exports. As a result, sectors dominated by large companies have benefited from these deeper trade agreements, while others have been adversely affected. 

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